Extraction And Formulation Of Perfume From Lemongrass Leaves
Perfume extraction refers to the extraction of aromatic compounds from raw
materials, using methods such as distillation, solvent extraction, expression or
enfleurage. The extracts are either essential oils, absolutes, concretes, or
butters, depending on the amount of waxes in the extracted product. Heat,
chemical solvents, or exposure to oxygen in the extraction process denature the
aromatic compounds, either changing their odour, character or rendering them
odourless. In this work three methods, solvent extraction, hydro distillation and
enfleurage methods were used to extract essential oil from lemongrass. Solvent
extraction method yielded 2.08%, enfluerage method yielded 1.96% and hydro
distillation methods yielded 0.95% essential oil respectively. From the analysis
solvent extraction gave the highest yield because of the less exposure air and
heat and this conform the literature value. The extracted essential oil was
formulated into perfume using a fixative and carrier solvent.
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DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Lemongrass 3
1.3 Statement of problem 5
1.4 Objective of project 6
1.5 Justification/significance of project 6
1.6 Scope of work 6
1.7 Uses of perfume 7
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Historical development of perfume 8
2.2 Perfume concentration 0
2.3 Perfume notes
2.4 Sources of perfume 12
2.4.1 Aromatic source 12
2.4.2 Synthetic source 15
2.5 Essential oil 16
2.6 Chemical constituents of essential oil 20
2.6.1 Hydrocarbons 21
2.6.2 Terpenes 21
2.6.3 Alcohols 24
2.6.4 Aldehydes 24
2.6.5 Acids 25
2.6.6 Esters 25
2.6.7 Ketones 25
2.6.8 Lactones 26
2.7 Treatments and purification of essential oil 27
2.8 Storage of essential oil 28
2.9 perfume extraction methods 28
2.9.1 Extraction 29
2.9.2 Distillation 30
2.9.3 Expression 34
2.9.4 Enfluerage 35
2.10 Formulation of perfumes 35
2.11 Lemongrass 36
2.12 Lemongrass oil 39
2.12.1Origin of lemongrass oil 39
2.12.2 Properties of lemongrass oil 39
2.12.3 Chemical composition of lemongrass oil 39
2.12.4 Extraction 40
2.14.5 Uses of lemongrass oil 40
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Sample source and preparation 42
3.2 Apparatus and solvents 42
3.3 Solvent extraction method 43
3.4 Enfleurage Method 44
3.5 Hydrodistillation Method 45
3.6 Formulation of perfumes 46
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Solvent extraction method 47
4.2 Enfleurage extraction method 48
4.3 Hydrodistillation method 49
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION 51
RECOMMENDATION 52
REFERENCE 53
APPENDIX 52
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