Modeling Of Automatic Break Control System Using Fuzzy Logic

ABSTRACT

Traffic congestion is a worldwide problem. This problem is mainly due to human driving which involves reaction times, delays, and judgment errors that may affect traffic flow and cause accidents. In many such cases,  the cause of the accident is driver distraction and failure to react in time. Advanced system of auxiliary functions has been develop to help avoid such accident and minimize the effects of collision should one occur. This is done by reducing the total stopping distance. By that means, the car brake itself should have a good software system to assist a driver along the road. This paper deals with a Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) for an automated car braking system. The response of the system will be simulated by using Fuzzy Logic Toolbox in MATLAB. The purpose of this controller is to brake a car when the car approaches an obstacle at a specific range. In this paper, Fuzzy Logic Controller is designed using the Fuzzy Logic Toolbox in MATLAB and then compared with PI and PD type Fuzzy Logic Controller.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWELDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE

1.0      INTRODUCTION

1.1      BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

• PROBLEM STATEMENT
• OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
• PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
• SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
• BENEFIT OF THE STUDY
• METHODOLOGY
• PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• BRAKE FAILURE ANALYSIS
• REVIEW OF BRAKE THEORY
• REVIEW OF HYDRAULIC BRAKES
• REVIEW POSSIBLE CAUSES OF NO BRAKES (BRAKE FAILURE)
• REVIEW OF THE STUDY

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     METHODOLOGY

3.1      AUTOMATIC BRAKING SYSTEM TECHNIQUE

3.2      MODELLING OF OBSTACLE DETECTION SYSTEM

3.3      SYSTEM FLOW CHART

3.4      MODELLING OF ANTILOCK BRAKING SYSTEM

3.5      DEVELOPMENT OF FUZZY RULES FOR FIRST FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER

3.6      AUTOMATIC BRAKING SYSTEM SIMULATION MODEL

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1     RESULTS AND SIMULATION

CHAPTER FIVE

• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                                        INTRODUCTION

1.1                                           BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Accident and traffic congestion are worldwide problem and daily occurrence. This problem is mainly due to human driving which involves reaction times, delays, and judgment errors that may affect traffic flow and cause accidents. [Cai, L., Rad, 2016] In many such cases, the cause of the accident is driver distraction and failure to react in time. Advanced system of auxiliary functions has been develop to help avoid such accident and minimize the effects of collision should one occur. This is done by reducing the total stopping distance. [Jost, K, 2003] By that means, the car brake itself should have a good software system to assist a driver along the road.

Human judgment error may cause serious accidents due to inaccurate reaction time and time consumes to perform full braking. In many such cases, the main cause of such accidents is the distraction through driving and failure to react in such enough time. Moreover, the fully intelligent vehicle, which is called driverless car, will totally automate without any human interaction. Each vehicle will utilize both its speed sensor which measures the wheel speed and distance sensor which is based on ultrasonic waves to compute the safety distance between the vehicle and its neighbours by controlling the brake pressure force on the brake pedal (Bamigboye, 2017).

Electronic brake control system has been making the car safer for the past 25 years. In recent years, braking developments have led to significantly greater driving safety. [Jost, K. 2003] For the past few years, there are many car brake development that uses the involvement of the electronic roles such as the Intelligent Cruise Control (ICC), Antilock Braking Systems (ABS), Traction Control System (TCS) and the Sensotronic Brake Control (SBC).

Many studies in this field depend upon a precise mathematical model of the vehicle. In fact, behaviors of the drivers are mostly based on the experience, not the exact mathematic computation. The model of vehicle is highly nonlinear function; it is difficult to find the precise model. Therefore, fuzzy logic systems have been designed by many researchers for automated driving controller since fuzzy system emulates the performance of a skilled human operator in the linguistic tulles that do not need use a mathematic model. [Ahmad, M., I, 2004]

Ordinary cruise control systems for passenger cars are becoming less and less meaningful because of the increasing traffic density rarely make it possible to drive at a preselected speed. However, in order to achieve high customer acceptance an intelligent cruise control system has to perform similarly to an experienced human driver. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust the following distance and the control dynamics according to the individual driver s needs. Applying fuzzy logic to intelligent cruise control seems to be an appropriate way to achieve this human behavior, because driver s experience can be transformed easily into rules. [Ahmad, M., I, 2004]

The automatic brake system, which make the driving journey safer, has developed from 25 years ago, in recent years (Aras 2013), it is developed significantly utilizing the artificial intelligent methods and algorithms, which increase the accuracy and response time. In this project, we proposed fuzzy controller with two inputs, vehicle speed and inter-vehicle distance, and one output, brake force, to create a safety distance between vehicles under different circumstances which waves from too fast speed to too low speed and from a too close distance to far distance.

1.2                                                  PROBLEM STATEMENT

The increasing rate of road accident is alarming and any vehicle without an effective brake system is prone to accident with apparently disastrous effect following. This is due to human errors in driving which involves reaction time delays and distraction. Automatic braking system will be developed to keep the vehicle steerable and stable and also prevent wheel lock and collision with an obstacle.

So, in this project, we design human free brake system that maintains both the vehicle speed and inter-vehicle distance, to automatically decelerate the vehicle on urgent demands by controlling the brake force pressure using fuzzy logic controller.

1.3                                               OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objectives of this study are to: design an obstacle detection model using ultrasonic sensors, model an antilock braking system, develop fuzzy logic rules for both detection and antilock braking system, and simulate the developed model using Simulink in MATLAB software to achieve high braking torque, optimal slip ratio and shorter stopping distance and time.

1.4                                            PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH

The main purpose of this work is to increase the performance and response time of an automobile breaking system.

1.5                                                   SCOPE OF THE STUDY

In this work, an obstacle detection system was designed with ultrasonic sensors based on approach to achieve the critical braking distance between moving vehicle and pedestrian or two moving vehicles. A braking system was modelled with antilock system to prevent wheel from locking during heavy braking and maintain the system at optimum slip ratio. Fuzzy rules were developed for both the obstacle detection and braking system to control the operation of the systems and effectively assure safety and stress free driving (Ayman, A. Aly, 2010).

A fuzzy logic based automatic braking system is proposed using distance and relative speed sensors as inputs and brake-pressure as output. Heuristic rules have been developed and implemented. The controller monitors the deceleration rate of the vehicle to prevent tire lock-up and the consequent loss of directional stability. The system offers the flexibility of setting the separation distance.

1.6                                         SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

The advantages of the present invention are as follows:

1. This device prevents unnecessary accident. Since this indicates the status of the brake, the user can identify the condition of the brake and thus limiting the chances of malfunction.
2. Low Cost Automation Project

• To provide a smooth ride for the motorist.

1. To provide mind free rides for the motorist.
2. To provide the nation with an accident free road.

1.7                                                 BENEFIT OF THE STUDY

1. This study will address the problem of road accidents due to driver’s failure to apply brakes on
2. In automobile industry, this study will be used to design a system that limit speed of vehicle when approaching an
3. In education, this study will enlighten students on the need for automation of vehicle to avoid human errors

1.8                                             RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

In the course of carrying this study, numerous sources were used which most of them are by visiting libraries, consulting journal and news papers and online research which Google was the major source that was used.

1.9                                     PROJECT ORGANISATION

The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work,   chapter two presents the literature review of the study,  chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.