Design Of Water Supply Pipeline Network
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ABSTRACT
Providing sufficient water of appropriate quality and quantity has been one of the most important issues in human history. Most ancient civilizations were initiated near water sources. As populations grew, the challenge to meet user demands also increased. People began to transport water from other locations to their communities. For example, the Romans constructed aqueducts to deliver water from distant sources to their communities. Today, a water supply system consists of infrastructure that collects, treats, stores, and distributes water between water sources and consumers. Water pipelines have been a proposed, but controversial option. These massive pipelines pump water from a large source and transfer it across a great distance to areas in need [9].
TABLE OF CONTENT
COVER PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
TABLE OF CONTENT
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
1.5 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
1.6 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 REVIEW OF WATER SUPPLY
2.2 THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER FROM HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
2.3 CHALLENGES OF WATER SUPPLY IN NIGERIA
2.4 FACTORS MILITATING AGAINST THE PROVISION OF POTABLE WATER IN NIGERIA
2.5 CONSEQUENCES OF INADEQUATE WATER SUPPLY IN NIGERIA
2.3 GOVERNMENT RESPONSIBILITIES FOR WATER SUPPLY
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 DESIGN METHODOLOGY
3.1 DESIGN OF HOME WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
3.2 WATER PIPELINE SYSTEM LAYOUT
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 DESIGN ANALYSIS
4.1 PIPING DESIGN
4.2 GENERAL DESIGN GUIDELINE
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION
5.1 RECOMMENDATIONS
5.2 REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Urban water supply systems are designed for providing good quality water to the inhabitants of municipalities. Water intended for human consumption requires that the materials used in all the components of the system are of appropriate quality so that public health is protected.
It goes without saying that the major components of a water supply system are the pipelines.
Therefore, the attention of the designer of the system should be focused on the type of pipes to use and in particular on the pipe material.
Several changes and innovations related to the pipe technologies have occurred during the last few decades. Therefore, it is of importance for the designer to be informed on the technologies available and the advantages and disadvantages of each technology [8].
This paper aims at providing information on the various pipe technologies and presenting the key characteristics of each technology. Also, some recommendations and limitations in the use of each technology are provided.
Obviously the aim of the paper is just to highlight some of the properties of the various types of pipes which may be useful for the designer of a water conveyance and distribution system. The decision on the type of pipes to be selected for a project remains at the hands of the designer. The designer is responsible for weighing of the various criteria and reach a final decision.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
Water and air are essential elements for human life. Even then, a large population of the world does not have access to a reliable, uncontaminated, piped water supply. Drinking water has been described as a physical, cultural, social, political, and economic resource (Salzman, 2006). The history of transporting water through pipes for human Design of Water Supply Pipe Networks.
Consumption begins around 3500 years ago, when for the first time pipes were used on the island of Crete. A historical perspective by James on the development of urban water systems reaches back four millennia when bathrooms and drains were common in the Indus Valley (James, 2006). Jesperson (2001) has provided a brief history of public water systems tracking back to 700 BC when sloped hillside tunnels (antas) were built to transport water to Persia. Walski et al. (2001) also have published a brief history of water distribution technology beginning in 1500 BC. Ramalingam et al. (2002) refer to the early pipes made by drilling stones, wood, clay, and lead. Cast iron pipes replaced the early pipes in the 18th century, and significant developments in making pipe joints were witnessed in the 19th century[8]. Use of different materials for pipe manufacturing increased in the 20th century. Fluid flow through pipelines has a variety of applications. These include transport of water over long distances for urban water supply, water distribution system for a group of rural towns, water distribution network of a city, and so forth. Solids are also transported through pipelines; for example, coal and metallic ores carried in water suspension and pneumatic conveyance of grains and solid wastes. Pipeline transport of solids contain- erized in capsules is ideally suited for transport of seeds, chemicals that react with a carrier fluid, and toxic or hazardous substances. Compared with slurry transport, the cargo is not wetted or contaminated by the carrier fluid; no mechanism is required to separate the transported material from the fluid; and foremost it requires less power for maintaining the flow. For bulk carriage, pipeline transport can be economic in com- parison with rail and road transport. Pipeline transport is free from traffic holdups and road accidents, is aesthetic because pipelines are usually buried underground, and is also free from chemical, biochemical, thermal, and noise pollution. A safe supply of potable water is the basic necessity of mankind in the industrialized society, therefore water supply systems are the most important public utility. A colossal amount of money is spent every year around the world for providing or upgrading drinking water facilities. The major share of capital investment in a water supply system goes to the water conveyance and water distribution network. Nearly 80% to 85% of the cost of a water supply project is used in the distribution system; therefore, using rational methods for designing a water distribution system will result in consider- able savings. The water supply infrastructure varies in its complexity from a simple, rural town gravity system to a computerized, remote-controlled, multisource system of a large city; however, the aim and objective of all the water systems are to supply safe water for the cheapest cost. These systems are designed based on least-cost and enhanced reliability considerations [4].
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Water quality performs an important role in the health of human beings, animals, and plants. Surface water quality is an essential component of the natural environment and a matter of serious concern today (Liu et al., 2011). The most common and widespread danger associated with drinking water is contamination, either directly or indirectly, by sewage, other wastes or human and animal excrement (WHO, 2004). About 25 years ago, authoritative estimates indicated that each year some 500 million people are affected by water-borne or water associated disease, and as many as 10 million of these die (Campbell, 2007). In a recent estimate based on WHO reports suggests that 80% of all human illnesses in the developing world are caused by biological contamination (Witt, 2007).
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
The main aim of this work is to design a water supply pipeline network. The objectives of this work are:
- To design a system that delivers water to consumer with appropriate quality, quantity and pressure.
- To collectively study the facilities used to supply water from its source to the point of usage.
- To understand the need for having a healthy water distribution to consumers.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
In general, water distribution systems can be divided into four main components: (1) water sources and intake works, (2) treatment works and storage, (3) transmission mains, and (4) distribution network. The common sources for the untreated or raw water are surface water sources such as rivers, lakes, springs, and man-made reservoirs and groundwater sources such as bores and wells. The intake structures and pumping stations are constructed to extract water from these sources. The raw water is transported to the treatment plants for processing through transmission mains and is stored in clear water reservoirs after treatment. The degree of treatment depends upon the raw water quality and finished water quality requirements. Sometimes, groundwater quality is so good that only disinfection is required before supplying to consumers. The clear water reservoir provides a buffer for water demand variation as treatment plants are generally designed for average daily demand. Water is carried over long distances through transmission mains. If the flow of water in a transmission main is maintained by creating a pressure head by pumping, it is called a pumping main. On the other hand, if the flow in a transmission main is maintained by gravitational potential available on account of elevation difference, it is called a gravity main. There are no intermediate withdrawals in a water transmission main. Similar to transmission mains, the flow in water distribution networks is maintained either by pumping or by gravitational potential. Generally, in a flat terrain, the water pressure in a large water distribution network is maintained by pumping; however, in steep terrain, gravitational potential maintains a pressure head in the water distribution system. A distribution network delivers water to consumers through service connections[7]. Such a distribution network may have different configurations depending upon the layout of the area. Generally, water distribution networks have a looped and branched configuration of pipelines, but sometimes either looped or branched configurations are also provided depending upon the general layout plan of the city roads and streets. Urban water networks have mostly looped configurations, whereas rural water networks have branched configurations [5]. On account of the high-reliability requirement of water services, looped configurations are preferred over branched configurations. The cost of a water distribution network depends upon proper selection of the geo- metry of the network. The selection of street layout adopted in the planning of a city is important to provide a minimum-cost water supply system. The two most common water supply configurations of looped water supply systems are the gridiron pattern and the ring and radial pattern; however, it is not possible to find an optimal geometric pattern that minimizes the cost
1.5 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
Despite the need for water to be diverted through pipelines to different areas, there are several drawbacks that accompany water pipelines. First, the actual construction of a major water pipeline is extremely expensive. With manufacturing, labor, and installation, pipeline projects can cost billions of dollars. In addition, maintenance must be done every day in order to keep the pipeline working effectively. Pipelines need to be monitored continually and water quality must be constantly checked. Because of the great distances that major water pipelines can cover, maintenance fees are extreme [6].
The construction of water pipelines is also very taxing on the land. Thousands of miles of massive pipes can disrupt ecosystems, ruin scenery, and act as an obstruction. Underground pipelines require huge trenches to be dug, also disrupting the land.
The most pressing conflict related to massive water pipelines concerns the source from which the water is being taken. Whether it will be from an aquifer, a reservoir, or a watershed basin, the diverted water is being taken away from an ecosystem in which it is needed. The pumping of water out of these sources can cause severe damage, such as water level draw downs, which can affect coastlines, aquatic life, plant life, and economic activity. The water replenishment rate is not fast enough to rejuvenate water sources that are being reduced through large-scale transfer [1].
1.6 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
The purpose of water pipelines is to transport surface water or groundwater from one area to another without causing erosion and reducing the chance of evaporation. Water pipelines are large in diameter and can supply water to communities and industries over both short and long distances. Pipelines can be installed underground or above ground. They can be used to bring in freshwater, or to transport and dispose of wastewater[1].
1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
The distribution pipes are generally laid below the road pavements, and as such their layouts generally follow the layouts of roads. There are, in general, four different types of pipe networks; any one of which either singly or in combinations, can be used for a particular place. They are: Grid, Ring, Radial and Dead End System. In these systems, water is kept in good circulation due to the absence of dead ends. In the cases of a breakdown in some section, water is available from some other direction [2].
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] http://academic.evergreen.edu/g/grossmaz/SUPPESBJ/
[2] https://www.wateronline.com/doc/water-distribution-system-challenges-and-solutions-0001
[3] O. Oyedele Adeosun, Obafemi Awolowo, “Water Distribution System Challenges And Solutions
[4] HDR: Lewis and Clark Rural Water System http://www.hdrinc.com/information/default.asp?PageID=1711&ParentID=2L15
[5] Lewis and Clark Rural Water System http://www.lcrws.org/index.html
[6] Wisconsin Resources Protection Council http://www.wrpc.net/reports.html
[7] The Great Man Made River Project: http://www.gmrp.org/index_en.html:
[8] Spiliotis M. and Tsakiris G., 2011. Closure to “Water Distribution System Analysis: Newton-Raphson Method Revisited”. J Hydraulic Eng. (ASCE), 138 (9): 824-826
[9] Spiliotis M. and Tsakiris G., 2012. Water Distribution Network Analysis: under Fuzzy demands. Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems (accepted for publication)
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMMENDATION
5.1 CONCLUSION
A pipe network is analyzed for the determination of the nodal pressure heads and the link discharges. As the discharges withdrawn from the network vary with time, it results in a continuous change in the nodal pressure heads and the link discharges. The network is analyzed for the worst combination of discharge withdrawals that may result in low-pressure heads in some areas. The network analysis is also carried out to find deficiencies of a network for remedial measures. It is also required to identify pipe links that would be closed in an emergency to meet firefighting demand in some localities due to limited capacity of the network. The effect of closure of pipelines on account of repair work is also studied by analyzing a network. Thus, network analysis is critical for proper operation and maintenance of a water supply system [1] [2].
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
This work has demonstrated that the water question currently constituting a challenge to sustainable socio-economic development in the country can be overcome when there is commitment on the part of government at all level. However, since the government has spent so much to tackle the problem of water across the country and the challenges still persist, we can conclude that corruption has been playing a greater role in undermining government effort at the provision of water infrastructure for the distribution of safe water to the masses. Indeed, we cannot blame colonialism for our problem because there is no evidence to show that the colonialists left with our water systems [3]. Therefore, the following recommendations have been made for the sustainable revamping of the sector.
- A National Water Protection Act for the reclamation and preservation of fresh
water system in the country is necessary. The dredging of the River Niger by the
Federal Government and the rehabilitation of the major 33 dams and 28 earth dams nationwide is quite commendable but more efforts need to be exerted in redirecting the water from these sources harnessing it for distribution to the populace while simultaneously sustaining the agricultural sector and other projects. In other words, there is the need for significant improvement in water production method and water shed management.
- The government should as a matter of policy ensure through adequate funding and monitoring, the revamping of the dilapidated water infrastructure across the country.
iii. There should be adequate electricity generation and supply. This is a critical factor in solving the water question in the country. Hence, the governments at all levels should not play politics with the issue of electricity.
- Emphasis should be placed on drip irrigation over flood irrigation as exemplified in the agricultural practices in some parts of the world especially Israel in the Middle East
- Wealthy individuals should be encouraged to participate in the complementary roles played by the Federal, State and Local Governments including Donor Agencies in the attempt to tackle the water problem.
- Corruption in the award of water related projects should be drastically curtailed.
vii. The activities of oil companies and other multi-national companies whose behaviours sometimes are detrimental to sources of water supply in the country should be checked and sanctions given where and when necessary. This will in its own way help check their excesses in this regard[3].