Re-Engineering Of The Water System Of All The Faculty Of Engineering Conveniences

ABSTRACT

Providing sufficient water of appropriate quality and quantity has been one of the most important issues in human history. Most ancient civilizations were initiated near water sources. As populations grew, the challenge to meet user demands also increased. People began to transport water from other locations to their communities. For example, the Romans constructed aqueducts to deliver water from distant sources to their communities. Today, a water supply system consists of infrastructure that collects, treats, stores, and distributes water between water sources and consumers. Water pipelines have been a proposed, but controversial option. These massive pipelines pump water from a large source and transfer it across a great distance to areas in need [9].

The aim of the work is to design water supply system for all the faculty of engineering building for the purpose of providing a safe, reliable and sustainable water supply to both staffs and students of the institution.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWELDGEMENT

GLOSSARY

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE

1.0      INTRODUCTION

1.1      BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

• OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
• SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
• PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
• LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• REVIEW OF WATER SUPPLY
• THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER FROM HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
• CHALLENGES OF WATER SUPPLY IN NIGERIA
• FACTORS MILITATING AGAINST THE PROVISION OF POTABLE WATER IN NIGERIA
• CONSEQUENCES OF INADEQUATE WATER SUPPLY IN NIGERIA
• GOVERNMENT RESPONSIBILITIES FOR WATER SUPPLY

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     METHODOLOGY

• INTRODUCTION
• WATER SUPPLY PIPELINE ACCESSORIES
• DESIGN OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
• WATER PIPELINE SYSTEM LAYOUT

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0      DESIGN ANALYSIS

• PIPING DESIGN
• GENERAL DESIGN GUIDELINE

CHAPTER FIVE

• CONCLUSION
• RECOMMENDATION
• REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                                        INTRODUCTION

Engineering water supply systems are designed for providing good quality water to both students and staff of the faculty. Water intended for human consumption requires that the materials used in all the components of the system are of appropriate quality so that public health can be protected.

It goes without saying that the major components of a water supply system are the pipelines.

Therefore, the attention of the designer of the system should be focused on the type of pipes to use and in particular on the pipe material.

Several changes and innovations related to the pipe technologies have occurred during the last few decades. Therefore, it is of importance for the designer to be informed on the technologies available and know the advantages and disadvantages of each technology [8].

This paper aims at providing information on the various pipe technologies and presenting the key characteristics of each technology for designing of faculty of engineering water supply. Also, some recommendations and limitations in the use of each technology are provided.

1.1                                         BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

Water and air are essential elements for human life. Even then, a large population of the world does not have access to a reliable, uncontaminated, piped water supply. Drinking water has been described as a physical, cultural, social, political, and economic resource (Salzman, 2006). The history of transporting water through pipes for human Design of Water Supply Pipe Networks.

Consumption begins around 3500 years ago, when for the first time pipes were used on the island of Crete. A historical perspective by James on the development of urban water systems reaches back four millennia when bathrooms and drains were common in the Indus Valley (James, 2006). Jesperson (2001) has provided a brief history of public water systems tracking back to 700 BC when sloped hillside tunnels (antas) were built to transport water to Persia. Walski et al. (2001) also have published a brief history of water distribution technology beginning in 1500 BC. Ramalingam et al. (2002) refer to the early pipes made by drilling stones, wood, clay, and lead. Cast iron pipes replaced the early pipes in the 18^th century, and significant developments in making pipe joints were witnessed in the 19^th century[8]. Use of different materials for pipe manufacturing increased in the 20^th century. Fluid flow through pipelines has a variety of applications. These include transport of water over long distances for urban water supply, water distribution system for a group of rural towns, water distribution network of a city, and so forth. Solids are also transported through pipelines; for example, coal and metallic ores carried in water suspension and pneumatic conveyance of grains and solid wastes. Pipeline transport of solids containerized in capsules is ideally suited for transport of seeds, chemicals that react with a carrier fluid, and toxic or hazardous substances. Compared with slurry transport, the cargo is not wetted or contaminated by the carrier fluid; no mechanism is required to separate the transported material from the fluid; and foremost it requires less power for maintaining the flow. For bulk carriage, pipeline transport can be economic in comparison with rail and road transport. Pipeline transport is free from traffic holdups and road accidents, is aesthetic because pipelines are usually buried underground, and is also free from chemical, biochemical, thermal, and noise pollution. A safe supply of potable water is the basic necessity of mankind in the industrialized society, therefore water supply systems are the most important public utility. A colossal amount of money is spent every year around the world for providing or upgrading drinking water facilities. The major share of capital investment in a water supply system goes to the water conveyance and water distribution network. Nearly 80% to 85% of the cost of a water supply project is used in the distribution system; therefore, using rational methods for designing a water distribution system will result in consider- able savings. The water supply infrastructure varies in its complexity from a simple, rural town gravity system to a computerized, remote-controlled, multisource system of a large city; however, the aim and objective of all the water systems are to supply safe water for the cheapest cost to the faculty of engineering. These systems are designed based on least-cost and enhanced reliability considerations [4].

1.3                                                 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

In general, water distribution systems can be divided into four main components: (1) water sources and intake works, (2) treatment works and storage, (3) transmission mains, and (4) distribution network. The common sources for the untreated or raw water are surface water sources such as rivers, lakes, springs, and man-made reservoirs and groundwater sources such as bores and wells. The intake structures and pumping stations are constructed to extract water from these sources. The raw water is transported to the treatment plants for processing through transmission mains and is stored in clear water reservoirs after treatment. The degree of treatment depends upon the raw water quality and finished water quality requirements. Sometimes, groundwater quality is so good that only disinfection is required before supplying to consumers. The clear water reservoir provides a buffer for water demand variation as treatment plants are generally designed for average daily demand. Water is carried over long distances through transmission mains. If the flow of water in a transmission main is maintained by creating a pressure head by pumping, it is called a pumping main. On the other hand, if the flow in a transmission main is maintained by gravitational potential available on account of elevation difference, it is called a gravity main. There are no intermediate withdrawals in a water transmission main. Similar to transmission mains, the flow in water distribution networks is maintained either by pumping or by gravitational potential. Generally, in faculty of engineering terrain, the water pressure in a large water distribution network is maintained by pumping; however, in steep terrain, gravitational potential maintains a pressure head in the water distribution system. A distribution network delivers water to school through service connections[7]. Such a distribution network may have different configurations depending upon the layout of the area. The cost of a water distribution network depends upon proper selection of the geometry of the network. The selection of school layout adopted in the planning of an institution is important to provide a minimum-cost water supply system. The three most common water supply configurations of looped water supply systems are the gridiron pattern and the ring and radial pattern; however, it is not possible to find an optimal geometric pattern that minimizes the cost.

1.4                                           LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

Despite the need for water to be diverted through pipelines to different blocks of faculty of engineering, there are several drawbacks that accompany water pipelines. First, the actual construction of a major water pipeline is extremely expensive. With manufacturing, labor, and installation, pipeline projects can cost millions of naira. In addition, maintenance must be done every day in order to keep the pipeline working effectively. Pipelines need to be monitored continually and water quality must be constantly checked. Because of the great distances that major water pipelines can cover, maintenance fees are extreme [6].

The most pressing conflict related to massive water pipelines concerns the source from which the water is being taken. The pumping of water out of these sources can cause severe damage, such as water level draw downs, which can affect coastlines, aquatic life, plant life, and economic activity. The water replenishment rate is not fast enough to rejuvenate water sources that are being reduced through large-scale transfer [1].

1.5                                             OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The objective of this work is to design a system that delivers water to faculty of engineering with appropriate quality, quantity and pressure. Distribution system is used to describe collectively the facilities used to supply water from the school borehole to the faculty of engineering.

1.6                                              PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

The purpose of this work is to design a system that supplies water to the faculty of engineering [1].

1.7                                         SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

Water is needed everywhere. In fact, in some countries schools aren’t legal until they have good water supply system installed. Water supply system is needed in every block of faculty of engineering starting from the office, lecture room, and convenient room etc [2].

BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1] http://academic.evergreen.edu/g/grossmaz/SUPPESBJ/

[2] https://www.wateronline.com/doc/water-distribution-system-challenges-and-solutions-0001

[3] O. Oyedele Adeosun, Obafemi Awolowo, “Water Distribution System Challenges And Solutions

[4] HDR: Lewis and Clark Rural Water System http://www.hdrinc.com/information/default.asp?PageID=1711&ParentID=2L15

[5] Lewis and Clark Rural Water System http://www.lcrws.org/index.html

[6] Wisconsin Resources Protection Council http://www.wrpc.net/reports.html

[7] The Great Man Made River Project: http://www.gmrp.org/index_en.html:

[8] Spiliotis M. and Tsakiris G., 2011. Closure to “Water Distribution System Analysis: Newton-Raphson Method Revisited”. J Hydraulic Eng. (ASCE), 138 (9): 824-826

[9] Spiliotis M. and Tsakiris G., 2012. Water Distribution Network Analysis: under Fuzzy demands. Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems (accepted for publication)