Design And Construction Of An Intelligent Traffic Control System For A Cross Junction, Incorporating Digital Display And Alarm

ABSTRACT

This paper includes the design and implementation of an intelligent traffic control system. This is a complete traffic management system which has been able to reduce traffic jams and congestion on simulated environment. It detects the number of vehicles on each road and depending on the vehicles load on each road, this system assigns optimized amount of waiting time (red signal light) and running time (green signal light). This system is a fully automated system that can replace the conventional pre-determined fixed-time based traffic system with a dynamically managed traffic system. It can also detect vehicle condition on road and auto-adjust the system according to the changing road conditions which makes the system intelligent. The   designed system can help solving traffic problems in busy cities to a great extent by saving a significant amount of man-hours that get lost waiting on jammed roads. The system also give a ringer alarm when the traffic is abused and displays the status of the traffic via an LCD. This research focuses on factors, low-cost image processing and traffic load balancing.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE

1.0      INTRODUCTION

1.1      BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

• STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
• AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
• SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
• LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
• BENEFIT OF THE PROJECT
• DEFINITION OF TERMS
• METHODOLOGY
• PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO

2.0      LITERATURE REVIEW

• REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES
• EXISTING SYSTEM
• PROPOSED SYSTEM

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     METHODOLOGY

3.1     SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM

3.2      SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

3.3     HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

3.4     SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

3.5     SYSTEM PERFORMANCE

3.6     MATHEMATICAL MODULE

3.7     VERIFICATION OF RFID TAG

3.8     CHECK FOR IR SENSOR

3.9     EFFICIENCY CALCULATIONS

3.10 SYSTEM DESIGN FLOWCHART

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0      TESTING AND RESULTS

• CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
• INSTALLATION OF THE COMPLET DESIGN
• ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
• CASING AND PACKAGING
• MOUNTING PROCEDURE
• TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION

CHAPTER FIVE

• CONCLUSION
• RECOMMENDATION
• REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                     INTRODUCTION

1.1                       BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

One of the byproducts of the rampage of technological development, advancement and modernization is Traffic Jam. Nowadays, it is a very common phenomenon in our daily lives. This is specially a huge problem in congested cities in Nigeria. Traffic jam is actually one of the larger social problems. A study has found that people yearly lose 8.15 million hours, 40 percent of which are working hours –in traffic jams (Khan, 2015). In cities of Nigeria – Lagos State, traffic is mainly controlled by two ways. One way is to use traffic lights and change the lights at a pre-determined fixed time intervals and in the other way traffic polices do the work manually. Both of them   are wasteful processes. Sometimes in a cross-section of roads (junction) we see that one side has lower congestion than the other side, but as the lights are changing at fixed time intervals, the jam on the road which has higher congestion keeps getting worse. On the other hand, most of the traffic polices are unaware of the situation at places away from him/her. It is also very hard to look at every side of a junction constantly by one person and decide correctly how to guide the traffic. However in developed countries, automation has been introduced in traffic management.

At present, there are two available approach to control traffic. One is by sensing vehicles with pressure plates on road and the other one is by using RFID tags on number plates and placing RFID readers on road. Both methods are very expensive to implement when the traffic jam is very long. Another approach is surveillance camera based traffic system where traffic is monitored and manually controlled from a control room. In this case real-time image analysis is applied on the live video footage to aid the personals in the control room with traffic observation. This is the most adopted method for traffic controlling these days. In our research we are proposing a better solution to this problem. Using computers’ visual ability and analytical capability we have built a system which can decide which road needs to be cleared quickly and dynamically change the time intervals and changing the signal accordingly and automatically. In our research we have constructed a complete, fully automated and intelligent traffic management and control system for road intersections.

However, this work is aimed at building an intelligent traffic lighting control system for a cross junction with digital display and alarm. The   designed system can help solving traffic problems in busy cities to a great extent by saving a significant amount of man-hours that get lost waiting on jammed roads. The system also gives a ringer alarm when the traffic is abused using RFID and displays the status of the traffic via an LCD.

1.2                           STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Traffic congestion is an increasing problem in cities and sub urban spend more of their time commuting to work, school, shopping, and social event as well as dealing with traffic light jambs and accidents. Traffic became heavy in all directions, more to and from cities as well as between sub urban locations. Sub urban business locations required huge parking lots because employees have to drive; there were few buses trains, or trolleys to carry scatter workers to their work place. The hope of reduced congestion in the sub urban had not been realized; long commutes and traffic jams could be found everywhere.

1.3                                   AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The main aim of this work is to build an intelligent traffic lighting control system for a cross junction which digital display and alarm. The objectives of this research work are:

• To design and implement an intelligent traffic control system.
• To provide the quickest possible clearance to vehicular and pedestrian traffic in all directions at a junction.
• To reduce the stress of the traffic warder.
• To reduce the occurrence of possible accident.
• To verify the efficacy of the program.

1.4                             SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The important of this research work are:

• It will help in reducing the occurrence of possible collision or accident and thereby improve the confidence of the driver and the pedestrian plighting through the highways.
• The project to allay the fear of time wastage at the junctions because of unevenly directions of traffic system.
• Since the system is capable of working for 24hours uninterrupted thereby assured constant availability of traffic control service hence reduce human effort and energy.

1.5                                    SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope is this work covers the building of an intelligent traffic control system. The system has the capacity of detecting when a traffic is abused and then give an alarm. The status of the traffic is detected using IR Sensors. IR sensors detect the traffic density at traffic monitoring junction. These IR sensors will find out the density of the traffic density at that road. These sensors are interfaced to Microcontroller. With the detection of traffic density from IR sensors microcontroller will control the traffic signals accordingly on basis of density of traffic. The status of the device and that of the traffic on a four-way junction is been displayed via the LCD.

1.6                               LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

1. Infrared sensors work only for fewer distances.
2. We have to arrange infrared sensors in accurate manner otherwise they may not detect the traffic density.

iii. it is built to be used in a four – way junction

1.7                                BENEFIT OF THE PROJECT

• Intelligent Traffic System will help all travelers get where they need to go in time. Intelligent Traffic System will provide better information on available services to travelers who cannot or choose not to drive including those who are mobility or sight-impaired.
• Intelligent Traffic System will also help make it easier to pay for transport services. The future will include a single electronic payment mechanism to pay for fuel, tolls, public transport fares, parking, and a variety of other charges that busy travelers encounter every day. Intelligent Traffic System will help convey the needs and interests of transport system customers to the people who manage the system, helping to ensure a transport system that is responsive to those needs and interests. Intelligent Traffic System will help managers of the transport system to make services safer and simultaneously available for motorists, cyclists, pedestrians, and users of public transport.
• Intelligent Traffic System will help focus the transport system on meeting the needs of all its customers. Better meeting customer needs means a renewed focus on customer service and effective operations

1.8                                   DEFINITION OF TERMS

Traffic Light: A road signal for directing vehicular traffic by means of colour lights, typically red for stop, green for go, and yellow for proceed with caution.

Intelligent Traffic System: refers to information and communication technology  that improve transport outcomes such as transport safety, transport productivity, travel reliability, informed travel choices, social equity, environmental performance and network operation resilience.

1.9                                         METHODOLOGY

To achieve the aim and objectives of this work, the following are the steps involved:

1. Study of the previous work on the project so as to improve it efficiency.
2. Draw a block diagram.

• Test for continuity of components and devices,

1. Design and calculation for the device was carried out.
2. Studying of various component used in circuit.
3. Construction of the circuit was carried out.

• Finally, the whole device was cased and final test was carried out.

1.9                                             PROJECT ORGANISATION

The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work,   chapter two presents the literature review of the study,  chapter three describes the methods applied,  chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.