Modification And Testing Of Biomass Dryer
Drying is out of the major problem in post harvest operation. The traditional method of Drying (Sun drying) is weather dependent and unhygienic which affect food storage most especially in developing countries like India where more than 3300 to 3700 hours of bright sunshine per year available in North- West and West coastal region. The dryer consist of the following operating component parts: a cabinet, blower, trays, temperature controller, copper wire and light emitting Diode (LED) screen and switch. The factors considered in the study were turmeric of 2000g weight, temperature (500C, 600C and 800C) and each were replicated 3 times. The testing was carried out in term of drying rate, amount of moisture loss and applied temperature. Temperature of 600C and 700C favours the drying of the three weight that temperature of 400C. the time taken for each figure sample at different weight and temperature differs. Hence, the higher the temperature the lesser the time taken for the turmeric to dry, the higher the weight the higher the time taken for turmeric to dry, the statistical analysis (ANOVA) shows that there is high significance difference at 5% in the mean value of the drying rate as affected by temperature 400C and there high significance difference at 1% and 5% in the mean value of the drying rate. The efficiency of the battery operated biomass dryer on the modification to the biomass dryer was evaluated to be N 223,250.00.
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Cover Page
Title Page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgements
Abstract
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Plates
CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study 1
1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Aim and Objectives 2
1.4 Justification 3
1.5 Scope of the Project 3
CHAPTER TWO:
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Drying as an Element of Post Harvest 4
2.1.1 Types of Losses 5
2.1.1.1 Moisture Content 6
2.1.1.2 Damage 6
2.1.1.3 Direct and Indirect Losses 6
2.1.1.4 Weight Loss 6
2.1.1.5 Quality Loss 6
2.1.1.6 Food Loss 7
2.1.1.7 Seed Viability Loss 7
2.1.1.8 Commercial Loss 7
2.2 Methods of Drying 8
2.2.1 Traditional method of drying 8
2.2.2 Modern Methods of Drying 8
2.3 Mechanisms of Drying 9
2.4 Basic Theory of Drying 10
2.4.1 Thin Layer Drying 11
2.4.2 Deep Bed Drying 14
2.5 Factors affecting rate of drying 15
2.5.1 Crop Parameters 15
2.5.2 Air Parameters 16
2.5.3 Dryer Parameters 17
2.6 Review of Dryers 17
2.7 Drying Process 18
2.8 Agronomy of Turmeric 19
2.8.1 Benefit of Turmeric 19
2.9 Sources of Energy for Drying 20
2.9.1 Briquette as a Source of Energy 20
2.9.2 Solar as a Source of Energy 21
2.9.3 The Fossil Fuels 21
2.9.4 Electricity 21
2.9.5 Nuclear Power 21
2.9.6 Hydro Power 22
2.9.7 Geothermal Energy 22
2.9.8 Wind Power 22
CHAPTER THREE:
MATERIALS AND METHOD
3.1 Modified Areas on the Biomass Dryer 23
3.2 Materials 23
3.2.1 Charcoal 23
3.2.2 Digital Weighing Scale 24
3.2.3 Temperature Monitor and Controller 24
3.2.4 Biomass Dryer 25
3.2.5 Digital Venier Caliper 25
3.2 Description of the Machine 26
3.3 Component Parts of the Biomass Dryer 26
3.3.1 Chimney 27
3.3.2 Drying Tray 27
3.3.3 Drying Chamber 27
3.3.4 Solar Panel 27
3.3.5 Battery 28
3.3.6 Ash Port 28
3.3.7 Temperature Controller 28
3.3.8 Centrifugal Fan (Blower) 28
3.3.9 LED Screen 28
3.3.10 Charge Controller 28
3.3.11 Copper Pipe 29
3.4 Design Consideration for the Biomass Dryer 29
3.4.1 Air Temperature 29
3.4.2 Air Relative Humidity 29
3.4.3 Air Flow Rate 30
3.5 Material Selection 30
3.6 Operation of the Biomass Dryer 31
3.7 Design Analysis/Design Calculation 31
3.7.1 Design for the Volume/Capacity of Drying Tray 31
3.7.2 Design of Area of the Temperature Controller 31
3.7.3 Design of Area of Copper Pipe 32
3.7.4 Design of Area for the Burning Chamber 32
3.7.5 The Amount of Moisture to be Removed from Agricultural Produce 32
3.7.6 Design for Solar Panel Capacity 33
3.7.7 Drying Rate 33
3.7.8 Design Calculation and Analysis 33
3.8 Bill of Engineering Measurement and Evaluation (BEME) 35
3.10.1 Sourcing of Raw Material 37
3.10.2 Sample Preparation 37
3.10.3 Experimental Design and Layout 37
3.10.4 Experimental Procedure 38
3.10.5 Output Parameter 38
3.10.5.1 Measurement for Drying Rate 38
3.10.5.2 Determination of Water Loss 38
CHAPTER FOUR:
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Results 40
4.2 Discussion 44
4.2.1 Effect of Drying Rate on Turmeric at 500C 44
CHAPTER FIVE:
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 48
5.1 Conclusions 48
5.2 Recommendations 48
Reference 50
Appendix A 54
Appendix B 56
Appendix C 58
AppendiX D 60
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